Types of Angina Explained

Angina is commonly characterized by a feeling of tightness, pressure, or squeezing pain behind the breastbone. This discomfort may radiate to the chest area and left arm. In some cases, particularly among elderly individuals, symptoms may manifest differently, such as pain in other areas of the body, a sensation of throat tightness, or general fatigue. Based on the pattern and underlying mechanism of occurrence, angina can be categorized into three main types: stable, unstable, and variant (Prinzmetal's) angina. Below is a detailed overview of each type:

Stable Angina

Stable angina typically occurs during physical exertion or emotional stress. It is predictable and often lasts only a few minutes. The discomfort can be relieved by rest or the use of coronary artery dilating medications. The frequency, duration, intensity, and triggers of the pain remain relatively consistent over several months.

Unstable Angina

Unstable angina is less predictable and can occur even at rest. It often presents with more intense pain that lasts longer than stable angina and may signal an impending heart attack. This type of angina requires immediate medical attention, as it can progress to acute myocardial infarction and poses a significant risk to health.

Variant (Prinzmetal's) Angina

Variant angina, also known as Prinzmetal's angina, is caused by spasms in the coronary arteries. It usually occurs while at rest, often during the night. An electrocardiogram (ECG) may show temporary ST-segment elevation during an episode. This type of angina typically responds well to anti-anginal medications. However, severe and prolonged spasms can lead to life-threatening complications such as sudden cardiac death.